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| Registros recuperados: 56 | |
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| Roberts, Tanya. |
| Salmonellosis, a common human intestinal disorder primarily caused by contaminated meats and poultry, attacks an estimated two million Americans annually. Using a cost of illness approach, the medical costs and productivity losses alone were estimated to cost around one billion dollars in 1987. If pain and suffering, lost leisure time, and chronic disease costs could be quantified, the estimate would increase significantly. Other procedures for calculating the value of life could either raise or lower the estimated economic benefits of reducing human salmonellosis. Incorporating losses to farmers, whose animals have reduced feed efficiency, reduced weight gain, or deaths because of chronic salmonellosis, would also increase the estimates. Also excluded... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Salmonella; Salmonellosis; Foodborne disease costs; Economic costs; Risk assessment; Risk characterization; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety. |
| Ano: 1987 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/115797 |
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| Francis, F.J.. |
| This paper examines the process of determining food safety and its implications for the scientific community. Of the two main categories of food safety, microorganisms and chemicals, the paper focuses on the latter. The importance of chemical use in agriculture is discussed along with public perceptions of such practices. The rapid introduction of new chemicals has outpaced the scientific community’s ability to test for toxicity and interpret its results. Testing and interpretation is confounded by the natural presence of chemicals in food. Limitations of animal experiments are discussed along with problems of calculating and communication risk, the latter being subject to public fear and outrage. The scientific community’s efforts to inform the public... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Food safety; Food chemicals; Risk assessment; Food science; Science education; Agribusiness; Food Consumption/Nutrition/Food Safety. |
| Ano: 1995 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/90368 |
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| Mazurek, Janice V.. |
| This paper seeks to inform the current "regulatory reform" effort in the U.S. by describing how information from risk assessments and cost-benefit analyses is used by decision makers in six other industrialized countries. In Japan, Germany, the United Kingdom, Netherlands, Canada and the European Union decision makers deal with uncertainties associated with risk assessments differently than in the U.S. They are less likely to employ "default assumptions" to bridge uncertainties and instead tailor risk evaluations to the chemical in question. Furthermore, while U.S. agencies are sometimes required to pair information from risk assessments with data from cost-benefit analyses in order to estimate how much it costs to stem or avert environmental and health... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Regulatory reform; Risk assessment; Cost-benefit analysis; International environmental; Regulation; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q28. |
| Ano: 1996 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10475 |
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| Dunham, Jason; University of Nevada-Reno; jdunham@proaxis.com; Peacock, Mary; University of Nevada-Reno; mpeacock@scs.unr.edu; Tracy, C. Richard; University of Nevada-Reno; dtracy@unr.edu; Nielsen, Jennifer; Stanford University; jnielsen@leland.stanford.edu; Vinyard, Gary; University of Nevada-Reno; gvinyard@med.unr.edu. |
| Risks of population extinction have been estimated using a variety of methods incorporating information from different spatial and temporal scales. We briefly consider how several broad classes of extinction risk assessments, including population viability analysis, incidence functions, and ranking methods integrate information on different temporal and spatial scales. In many circumstances, data from surveys of neutral genetic variability within, and among, populations can provide information useful for assessing extinction risk. Patterns of genetic variability resulting from past and present ecological and demographic events, can indicate risks of extinction that are otherwise difficult to infer from ecological and demographic analyses alone. We provide... |
| Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports |
Palavras-chave: Extinction risk; Genetic variation; Incidence function analysis; Population viability analysis; Ranking methods; Risk assessment; Spatial scale; Temporal scale.. |
| Ano: 1999 |
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| Peterson, Garry D; McGill University; garry.peterson@mcgill.ca; Cunningham, Saul; CSIRO Entomology; saul.cunningham@ento.csiro.au; Deutsch, Lisa; Department of Systems Ecology, Stockholm University; lisad@system.ecology.su.se; Erickson, Jon; Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute; erickj@rpi.edu; Quinlan, Allyson; Conservation Ecology; aquinlan@resalliance.org; Tinch, Robert; School of Environmental Sciences, University of East Anglia; R.Tinch@uea.ac.uk; Troell, Max; Beijer Institute, Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences; max@system.ecology.su.se; Woodbury, Peter; Boyce Thompson Institute for Plant Research; pbw1@cornell.edu; Zens, Scot; Department of Biology, Dartmouth College; zens@dartmouth.edu. |
| The benefits and risks of any particular GM crop depend on the interactions of its ecological functions and natural history with the agroecosystem and ecosystems within which it is embedded. These evolutionary and ecological factors must be considered when assessing GM crops. We argue that the assessment of GM crops should be broadened to include alternative agricultural practices, ecosystem management, and agricultural policy. Such an assessment would be facilitated by a clearer understanding of the indirect costs of agriculture and the ecological services that support it. The benefits of GM crops should be compared to those of other means of agricultural intensification such as organic farming, integrated pest management, and agricultural policy reform.... |
| Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports |
Palavras-chave: Agriculture; Biotechnology; Genetically modified crops (GM); Interdisciplinary; Public dialogue; Regulation; Risk assessment. |
| Ano: 2000 |
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| Ghini,Raquel; Mezzalama,Monica; Ambrosoli,Roberto; Barberis,Elisabetta; Garibaldi,Angelo; Piedade,Sônia Maria de Stefano. |
| Before planning the large-scale use of nonpathogenic strains of Fusarium oxysporum as biocontrol agents of Fusarium wilt, their behaviour and potential impact on soil ecosystems should be carefully studied as part of risk assessment. The aim of this work was to evaluate the effects of antagonistic F. oxysporum strains, genetically manipulated (T26/6) or not (233/1), on soil microbial biomass and activity. The effects were evaluated, in North-western Italy, in two soils from different sites at Albenga, one natural and the other previously solarized, and in a third soil obtained from a 10-year-old poplar stand (Popolus sp.), near Carignano. There were no detectable effects on ATP, fluorescein diacetate hydrolysis, and biomass P that could be attributed to... |
| Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Biological control; Soilborne pathogen; Risk assessment. |
| Ano: 2000 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0100-204X2000000100012 |
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| Reij,Martine W.; van Schothorst,Michiel. |
| Although numerous papers on Microbiological Risk Assessment (MRA) of food products have been published, a number of issues related to it remain unresolved. This paper explains the role of Microbiological Risk Assessment in the context of Risk Analysis as outlined by Codex Alimentarius. It reviews some representative work in the area, with particular emphasis on the objectives, outputs and conclusions of the studies, and on how researchers propose using the resulting Risk Estimate for decision making. Several problems and sources of confusion concerning MRA are identified, such as terminology, the application of Risk Estimates to establish Food Safety Objectives and microbiological criteria for foods, lack of data, and the difference between Risk Assessment... |
| Tipo: Info:eu-repo/semantics/article |
Palavras-chave: Risk assessment; Food microbiology; Microbial ecology; Codex Alimentarius. |
| Ano: 2000 |
URL: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S1517-83822000000100002 |
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| Unnevehr, Laurian J.; Jensen, Helen H.. |
| Current policies designed to improve food safety rely on regulation and market incentives. However, the mix of both private and public incentives to improve food safety and the dynamics of industry response to regulation make analysis of the costs of food safety complex. The paper provides an overview of costs of food safety regulation and control in recent literature for both pesticide and microbial controls and draws lessons for identifying cost-effective food safety approaches. Four lessons emerge concerning industry compliance costs. First, the distribution of costs is likely to be more important than market price effects. Second, regulation has an impact on long-run incentives to invest in new technologies or inputs and therefore may bias the nature... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Economic costs of food safety; Food safety; Regulation; Risk assessment; Industrial Organization. |
| Ano: 2001 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/18559 |
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| Wilson, James D.. |
| Resources for the Future (RFF), in conjunction with the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, the Society for Risk Analysis, and the Electric Power Research Institute, held a workshop Sept. 18-20, 2000, at the RFF Conference Center in Washington, DC. The intent was to discuss how Bayesian approaches could be useful in improving techniques for estimating exposure-response functions. Ten distinguished scholars from a range of fields (medical biostatistics, decision sciences, environmental engineering, and toxicology) served as faculty. Approximately 80 people attended the workshop. Bayesian methods have been applied to a variety of problems in biomedical research and environmental risk analysis, including design of clinical trials, estimation of exposures to... |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Bayesian analysis; Dose-response; Regulation; Risk assessment; Arsenic; Risk and Uncertainty. |
| Ano: 2001 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10754 |
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| Blackman, Allen; Palma, Alejandra. |
| According to conventional wisdom, rapidly growing stocks of scrap tires on the U.S.-Mexico border pose a variety of health and environmental risks. This article assesses these risks in Paso del Norte, the border's second-largest metropolis comprised principally of Ciudad Juarez, Chihuahua, and El Paso, Texas. We find that air pollution from tire pile fires poses the greatest threat. Scrap tires in Paso del Norte do not contribute significantly to the propagation of mosquito-borne diseases or to shortages of space in solid waste disposal sites. The burning of scrap tires at industrial facilities is minimal and might not have significant adverse environmental impacts even if it were more common. |
| Tipo: Working or Discussion Paper |
Palavras-chave: Scrap tires; U.S.-Mexico border; Environment; Health; Risk assessment; Environmental Economics and Policy; Q2; O54. |
| Ano: 2002 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10583 |
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| Wade, Timothy G; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory; wade.timothy@epa.gov; Riitters, Kurt; U.S. Forest Service; kriitters@fs.fed.us; Wickham, James D; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory; wickham.james@epa.gov; Jones, K. Bruce; U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, National Exposure Research Laboratory; jones.bruce@epa.gov. |
| Because human land uses tend to expand over time, forests that share a high proportion of their borders with anthropogenic uses are at higher risk of further degradation than forests that share a high proportion of their borders with non-forest, natural land cover (e.g., wetland). Using 1-km advanced very high resolution radiometer (AVHRR) satellite-based land cover, we present a method to separate forest fragmentation into natural and anthropogenic components, and report results for all inhabited continents summarized by World Wildlife Fund biomes. Globally, over half of the temperate broadleaf and mixed forest biome and nearly one quarter of the tropical rainforest biome have been fragmented or removed by humans, as opposed to only 4% of the boreal... |
| Tipo: Peer-Reviewed Reports |
Palavras-chave: Forest fragmentation; Forest pattern; Global; Risk assessment; Targeting. |
| Ano: 2003 |
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| Simberloff, Daniel. |
| The United States regulates deliberate species introduction by blacklists: any species not blacklisted may be imported. Half of invasive introduced species were deliberately introduced, yet most were not blacklisted, so this system is not working. White lists are also needed: no species can be deliberately introduced unless experts place it on a white list. The United States has not closed pathways for inadvertent introductions, which are regulated by international treaties. Risk assessments for introduced species have mostly targeted species as potential vectors for pathogens rather than as potentially invasive themselves. Although multilateral treaties mandate quantitative risk assessments for exclusions of species or goods that may carry them,... |
| Tipo: Journal Article |
Palavras-chave: Blacklist; Risk assessment; Suminoe oyster; White list; Resource /Energy Economics and Policy. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/10171 |
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| Linacre, Nicholas A.; Falck-Zepeda, Jose Benjamin; Komen, John; MacLaren, Donald. |
| Compared to both Canada and the United States, Australia has been slow to approve commercial planting of transgenic crops. Two probable reasons exist for the slow approval rate of transgenic crops in Australia. The first reason is community perceptions about the risks associated with transgenic technologies. The second is the regulatory framework currently employed to approve commercial releases. This paper examines some of the potential regulatory issues that may be affecting the review process and approval of transgenic technologies. First we provide a brief introduction to the regulatory structure in Australia, second we consider the impact of regional, national and state jurisdictions, third we argue that the regulator needs to consider the use of... |
| Tipo: Report |
Palavras-chave: Risk assessment; Biotechnology; Environmental risk; Crop Production/Industries. |
| Ano: 2006 |
URL: http://purl.umn.edu/55414 |
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| Registros recuperados: 56 | |
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